UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27th July 2025
Sudan’s RSF Forms Parallel Government, Deepening Civil Conflict
Why in News?
- The Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a dominant paramilitary group in Sudan, has announced the formation of a parallel government based in Nyala, Darfur.
- This move comes nearly two years into Sudan’s civil war and directly challenges the authority of the military-led government in Khartoum, raising fears of the country’s formal political split.
Sudan’s Conflict Background
- The civil war erupted in April 2023 after a power-sharing deal between Hemedti and General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan collapsed.
- The conflict has resulted in:
- Tens of thousands of deaths.
- Over 10 million displaced people.
- Widespread famine and destruction of basic services.
- The RSF’s declaration marks a shift from informal control to institutionalized division, potentially leading to a long-term political split.
India–Sudan Relations
- India and Sudan share historic diplomatic and economic ties, particularly in energy, education, and health sectors.
- India has been seen as a neutral and trusted partner, maintaining goodwill with all sides.
- During the 2023 conflict escalation, India launched Operation Kaveri, successfully evacuating around 3,800 Indian nationals.
- Indian investments in oil, infrastructure, and healthcare remain vulnerable due to the prolonged instability.
Regional and Global Impact
- The RSF-led government’s announcement increases the likelihood of state fragmentation, akin to Libya’s dual governments.
- The humanitarian crisis is worsening, with half of Sudan’s population facing acute food insecurity.
- There is growing concern over foreign arms and proxy involvement, especially from regional actors.
- The move has been widely rejected by international organizations and neighboring states fearing regional spillover.
Geopolitical Relevance
- Sudan is a strategic location near the Red Sea and Horn of Africa—critical for trade routes, migration corridors, and regional stability.
- The conflict complicates peace efforts, aid access, and international engagement in Africa.
- For India, ensuring maritime security, protecting diaspora interests, and promoting humanitarian stability in the region remains vital.
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Introduction
Economic Implications
For Indian Exporters
- These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles
- Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment
- Promote value addition in key sectors like leather
For Tamil Nadu
- The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports
- Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries
For Trade Policy
- These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation
Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power
Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis.
