SC ruling on Tamil Nadu Governor
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 09th April 2025 Home / SC ruling on Tamil Nadu Governor Why in News? The Supreme Court invoked Article 142 to grant assent to 10 Tamil Nadu Bills, curbing the Governor’s delay and reinforcing limits on gubernatorial discretion. Introduction In a historic judgment, the Supreme Court of India exercised its exceptional powers under Article 142 to effectively give assent to ten Bills awaiting action by the Tamil Nadu Governor, R. N. Ravi. This exceptional exercise of judicial power reflects the Court’s growing role in breaking constitutional logjams between the Executive and the Governor, and establishes important precedents in Centre-State relations and the interpretation of the Governor’s discretionary powers. Background Presidentially appointed Governors are the nominal heads of states according to Article 153 of the Constitution. Though they are subject to the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 163), cases of withholding or delaying assent by Governors to Bills passed by State Legislatures have resulted in political and constitutional crises in recent times. The Tamil Nadu case concerned ten Bills enacted by the State Legislature but left pending without assent by the Governor for long durations. The Supreme Court, annoyed, assumed the constitutional role of the Governor and ordered that the Bills be taken to have received assent. Originally, 12 Bills of Tamil Nadu, mostly dealing with appointments of Vice-Chancellors in state-run universities, were sent by the State Legislature for consent to the Governor between January 2020 and April 2023. The Governor sat on them indefinitely. When the Tamil Nadu government approached the apex court in November 2023 against the Governor’s perceived inaction, the latter had quickly referred two of the Bills to the President and proceeded to withhold consent on the remaining 10. Bills withheld by T.N. Governor, now assented by Supreme Court Tamil Nadu Fisheries University (Amendment) Bill, 2020 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (Amendment) Bill, 2020 The Tamil Nadu Universities Laws (Amendment) Bill 2022 The Tamil Nadu Siddha Medical University Bill, 2022 The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai (Amendment) Bill, 2022 The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Amendment) Bill, 2022 The Tamil University (Second Amendment) Bill, 2022 The Tamil Nadu Universities Laws (Second Amendment) Bill, 2022 The Tamil Nadu Siddha Medical University Bill, 2022 The Tamil Nadu Fisheries University (Amendment) Bill, 2023 The Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (Amendment) Bill, 2023 Significance of the Judgment Invocation of Article 142 Article 142 vests the Supreme Court with the authority to issue any order that will enable it to do “complete justice” in any case. The Court does not resort to this provision against other constitutional bodies very often. Its application in this case highlights the seriousness of the circumstances. Setting a Time Limit for Governor’s Assent The Court, for the first time, set a one-month time limit for Governors to respond to Bills received from the State Legislature. This evolution captures judicial reluctance to impose similar timelines on Speakers in disqualification proceedings under the Tenth Schedule, but reflects a bold move in exercising constitutional accountability. Impact on Other States The ruling will likely impact similar cases, such as an ongoing challenge pertaining to former Governor of Kerala Arif Mohammad Khan’s action to deny assent to several Bills. Evolution of Judicial Approach on Governor’s Powers Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab (1974) Held that the Governor has to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, with very little discretionary power. Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India (2006) Held that personal views of the Governor cannot legitimize imposition of President’s Rule. Mercy Powers under Article 161 In Epuru Sudhakar v. Government of A.P. (2006), the Court held that the pardoning powers of the Governor are subject to limited judicial review. Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker (2016) Clarified that the summoning of the Assembly is not merely in the Governor’s discretion and has to be done on the advice of Cabinet. Contemporary Constitutional Concerns Refusal to Summon Assembly Sessions In 2023, the Punjab Government approached the Supreme Court against the Governor’s refusal to summon the Budget Session, representing increasing Executive-Governor tensions. Granting Sanction for Prosecution The Karnataka case concerning Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot’s approval to prosecute CM Siddaramaiah raises constitutional issues regarding the Governor’s independent discretion. Formation of Government In the 2017 Karnataka case, Governor Vajubhai Vala’s invitation to the single-largest party (BJP) instead of a post-poll alliance resulted in a legal challenge. Although the Court directed a floor test, the bigger constitutional issues are still pending. Conclusion The recent Supreme Court judgment is a landmark moment in Indian constitutional law. It not only remaps the boundaries of the Governor’s function in a parliamentary system but also asserts federal principles by affirming the primacy of elected state legislatures. With instances of constitutional confrontations between Raj Bhavans and elected state governments increasing, this judgment comes as a timely reminder of the boundaries of discretion and the necessity of accountability in a democratic
European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) new Biomass mission
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 09th April 2025 Home / European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) new Biomass mission Why in News? The European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) new Biomass mission, which will map the world’s forests, will launch later this month. Introduction The European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) new mission, which will map the world’s forests, will launch later this month. Known as the Biomass mission, it will provide information about the state of the planet’s forests and how they are changing, which will help expand the knowledge about the role forests play in the carbon cycle. The mission will lift off on April 29 aboard the Vega C rocket from Europe’s spaceport in French Guiana. It will be placed in a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) — a type of orbit in which satellites are in sync with the Sun — at an altitude of around 666 km. The Biomass is ESA’s seventh Earth Explorer mission. Under the Earth Explorer programme, the space agency has launched satellites to observe different aspects of the planet’s system. What will the Biomass mission do? Forests are an essential part of the world’s carbon cycle as they store huge amounts of carbon. Scientists estimate that forests absorb around 16 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2)per year, and currently hold 861 gigatonnes of carbon in their branches, leaves, roots, and soils. However, there is a lack of forest above-ground biomass — the total mass of living organisms located above the forest vegetation — and forest height data on a wide geographical scale. The primary aim of the Biomass mission will be to tackle this knowledge gap. Importantly, the mission will also allow scientists to more accurately measure how carbon levels are changing as humans continue to cut down trees and increase CO2 levels in the atmosphere. In 2023, there was a loss of 3.7 million hectares of tropical forests, equivalent to around ten soccer fields of forest lost every minute, according to a report by the World Resources Institute. Beyond forest monitoring, the Biomass mission will observe the movement of ice sheets in Antarctica, and generate digital models of terrains covered by dense vegetation. How will the Biomass mission monitor forests? To fulfil its objectives, the mission will use a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) — a satellite imaging technique which uses radar waves to map the Earth’s surface. This SAR sensor will operate in the long-wave P-band frequency range, with a wavelength of 70 cm. Therefore, unlike other shorter-wave SAR sensors, the P-band SAR will be able to peer down through forest canopies to assess how much carbon is stored on the floor and branches of the trees in the world’s forests and to assess how levels are changing. The sensor will also estimate the amount of forest biomass. Notably, Biomass is the first satellite in the world to host a P-band SAR. The satellite is fitted with a huge 12 m antenna which will be deployed as it begins its sweep over the Earth. What is the Earth Explore programme? The satellites launched under this programme are meant to provide essential information about Earth’s interior, cryosphere (frozen parts), hydrosphere, atmosphere, ionosphere (home to all the charged particles in the atmosphere) and land surface. The first spacecraft — the gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission — took off in 2009 and worked till 2013. The mission helped further research in areas of ocean circulation, physics of Earth’s interior, etc. The most recent one was the Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission, which was launched in May 2024.
India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Defence Relations
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Defence Relations Why in News? Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Sri Lanka marked a significant step in enhancing bilateral defence ties and reaffirming cooperation on regional security, Tamil reconciliation, and the fisheries dispute. Introduction Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a three-day trip to Sri Lanka from April 4 to 6, 2025 — his first trip to the island nation after 2019. The visit was in the wake of a new political setup in Colombo under the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)-led National People’s Power (NPP) government, headed by President Anura Kumara Dissanayake. In spite of previous concerns regarding the JVP’s past anti-India position, the visit represented a major intensification of India-Sri Lanka relations. Major Outcomes of the Visit Deepening Strategic and Defence Relations A historic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation was signed — the first in the history of India-Sri Lanka bilateral relations. The MoU aims to formalise and enhance military cooperation, especially in the context of shared maritime security concerns in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). PM Modi emphasised that the security of India and Sri Lanka is interconnected and co-dependent, underlining New Delhi’s regional security doctrine. Symbolic and Diplomatic Recognition Sri Lanka granted its top foreign leaders’ civilian honour to PM Modi — an act marking an expansion of bilateral trust and friendship. Such honour reflected a divergence from historical wariness relating to the political thought of the JVP, exemplifying the openness of the NPP towards recalibrating foreign policy orientation. Recurrence to Non-Alignment in Security President Dissanayake reaffirmed Sri Lanka’s stand that its soil would not be utilized against India’s interests — a restatement of the 1987 Indo-Lanka agreement pertaining to ports such as Trincomalee. Even with this assurance, India is still guarded, considering earlier apprehensions about third-country interference in Sri Lankan ports, particularly with China’s increasing role in the area. Resolving the Fishermen’s Issue Detailed bilateral discussions were held on the long-standing fishermen’s dispute in the Palk Bay, which frequently causes tension, especially affecting Tamil Nadu. A recent meeting between fisherfolk from both sides was welcomed, but PM Modi’s visit is expected to pave the way for structured and sustained dialogue, ideally involving both communities and government officials. A flexible, humane, and cooperative approach is essential to finding a long-term resolution. Reviving the Tamil Issue and the Indo-Lanka Agreement Tamil political parties interacted with PM Modi and recognized the value of the Indo-Lanka Agreement (1987) as a guide to the political devolution and autonomy to be attained. They also appealed for India’s “legitimate involvement” in ensuring a political resolution for Tamils, particularly in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. India, with its ability to provide liberal economic assistance, can act as a positive force as a neutral mediator, calling upon all the parties to engage in democratic debate and consensus. Conclusion PM Modi’s 2025 visit to Sri Lanka signaled a maturing of bilateral ties, where strategic, economic, and ethnic issues were discussed with greater openness and pragmatism. As both countries navigate a complex regional environment, strengthening mutual trust, ensuring inclusive development, and respecting each other’s security concerns will be key to sustaining this renewed partnership.
UNHRC adopts resolution linking plastic pollution, ocean protection and human right to a healthy environment
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / UNHRC adopts resolution linking plastic pollution, ocean protection and human right to a healthy environment Why in News? UNHRC’s 2025 resolution recognised the linkage between plastic pollution, ocean protection, and the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. Introduction In a first, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) passed a historic resolution in its 58th session which, for the first time ever, acknowledges the interlinkage of plastic pollution, ocean conservation, and the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. Adopted unanimously, the resolution marks a turning point in the global conversation on environmental protection and human rights. Importance of the Resolution It represents the first unified recognition by UN member states that plastic pollution poses significant risks to human rights. It underscores that the combined impacts of plastic pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss endanger the health of oceans and, consequently, the enjoyment of fundamental human rights. Restates the 2021 UNHRC recognition and 2022 UNGA resolution regarding the right to a healthy environment. Strengthens the human rights dimension of global environmental governance Key Features of the Resolution Describes the ocean as one biome, vital for human life and the exercise of human rights. Acknowledges the uneven effect of ocean degradation on: Coastal populations Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Vulnerable groups Demands an approach to ocean governance informed by human rights, emphasizing: Inclusion Public involvement Protection of vulnerable communities Alignment with Forthcoming Global Events The resolution paves the way before two decisive conferences: UN Ocean Conference, Nice, France (June 9–13, 2025) Global Plastic Treaty Negotiations, Geneva (August 5–14, 2025) Declares that human rights should be central to all future global arrangements on plastic and ocean management. Guiding Principles and Calls to Action Precautionary Principle: To avoid further harm to marine and coastal environments. Calls for comprehensive action throughout the plastics life cycle – production through disposal. Acknowledges the transboundary character of plastic pollution, including microplastic spread. Encourages restoration and sustainable biodiversity management by: Transparency and accountability Community participation Respect for Indigenous knowledge systems Broader Implications Strengthens the Human Rights Council’s mandate as a linkage between environmental and human rights perspectives. Promotes international cooperation, including: Early warning systems Climate resilience measures Justice-centered environmental action Conclusion This decision marks a paradigm shift by specifically connecting environmental degradation with human rights abuses. It provides the framework for an overarching, rights-based global environmental system, especially regarding ocean governance and plastic pollution, as countries gear up for final global negotiations in 2025.
Indoor Air Pollution in Urban India: Role of Infrastructure and Planning
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / Indoor Air Pollution in Urban India: Role of Infrastructure and Planning Why in News? Indoor air pollution in India is a serious concern, with outdoor pollutants entering poorly insulated buildings and, activities in the buildings and the materials of the buildings themselves, all posing potential hazards. Introduction Most of us tend to think of air pollution in terms of what is outside the house or building we are currently in. In India, while conversations around outdoor air pollution have gained ground, the same focus has not yet been given to indoor air quality in buildings, despite the fact that most people in urban areas spend 70 to 90% of their time indoors. Understanding indoor air pollution While the major proportion of indoor or household air pollution in India still comes from the use of solid fuels for cooking, primarily in rural areas, in urban areas, where the switch to cleaner fuels such as gas has mostly been made, there are several other sources of indoor air pollution. Indoor air pollution is a very broad term as it comprises both indoor sources of pollution as well as pollution from outdoors that has infiltrated indoors. In India, it is very difficult to distinguish between the sources, because unlike other countries, where homes and buildings might be more insulated from the outdoors, this is not the case with most places in our country, making air pollution heterogeneous. Our biggest concern here is the penetration of outdoor air indoors. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), as per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. Understanding and controlling common pollutants indoors can help reduce your risk of indoor health concerns, it says. Causes of indoor Air Pollution Outdoor (ambient) air pollution is grouped as class 1 carcinogen, meaning it is cancer causing, apart from contributing to a whole host of other diseases including respiratory ailments, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This apart, indoor air pollution sources also come from the activities that take place in a building as well as the building (and materials used) itself. For instance, indoor smoking, cooking/deep frying, chemical cleaners used, the use of mosquito coils or incense sticks could all impact the quality of air indoors. And then, the building itself – the furnishings in it, vapours from the paint or plastering on the walls, as well as biological contaminants such as mould, can also contribute to indoor air pollution and impact the health of people using the building. Some indoor air pollutants Allergens are substances that can trigger the immune system, causing an allergic reaction; they can circulate in air and remain on carpets and furniture for months. Asbestos is a fibrous material formerly used for making incombustible or fireproof building materials. Disturbing asbestos minerals or asbestos-containing materials can release fibers, often too small to see, into the air. Asbestos is known to be a human carcinogen. Carbon monoxide is an odorless and toxic gas. It is found in fumes produced any time you burn fuel in cars or trucks, small engines, stoves, lanterns, grills, fireplaces, gas ranges, or furnaces. Proper venting or exhaust systems prevent build up in the air. Formaldehyde is a strong-smelling chemical found in some pressed wood furniture, wood particle cabinets, flooring, carpets, and fabrics. It can also be a component of some glues, adhesives, paints, and coating products. Formaldehyde is known to be a human carcinogen. Lead is a naturally occurring metal that has been used in a wide variety of products including gasoline, paint, plumbing pipes, ceramics, solders, batteries, and even cosmetics. Mould is a microorganism and type of fungus that thrives in damp places; different moulds are found everywhere, indoors and outside. Pesticides are substances used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plants or bugs that are considered to be pests. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring gas that comes from the decay of radioactive elements in soils. It can enter indoor spaces through cracks or gaps in buildings. Most exposures occur inside homes, schools, and workplaces. Smoke, a byproduct of combustion processes, such as from cigarettes, cookstoves, and wildfires, contains toxic chemicals like formaldehyde and lead. What can indoor air pollution do to your health? The EPA states that health effects from indoor air pollution can be experienced soon after exposure, or possibly, years later. Some of the immediate effects it lists are irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Such immediate effects are usually short-term and treatable. However it notes that some effects may be similar to those from colds or other viral diseases, making it important to pay attention to the time and place symptoms occur. Health issues that may show up either years after exposure has occurred or only after long or repeated periods of exposure may include some respiratory diseases, heart disease and cancer, it says. A build-up of carbon-di-oxide within an indoor space due to a large number of people using the same space, combined with poor ventilation, is also well known to cause symptoms of sickness. Generally, it is challenging to precisely point out to what extent poor IAQ can affect health, as information regarding the association between the two is inadequate, states a 2021 paper, ‘An Investigative Study on Perceived Indoor Air Quality During COVID-19 Lockdown in India’ by T.K. Bedi et al. Can better building design help with indoor air pollution? Prioritising indoor air quality in design is crucial. One major reason for indoor air pollution is that there is a lack of good ventilation – most buildings and houses tend to shut their doors and windows to keep the outside out, meaning there is poor air flow, resulting in the circulation of air over and over, giving a chance to pathogens to spread. In settings where it is possible, opening doors and windows
New Insights into Iron Opacity in the Sun
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / New Insights into Iron Opacity in the Sun Why in News? Recent tests have demonstrated that the opacity of iron under solar conditions is much greater than previously approximated, calling into question current solar models. Introduction Stars are the drivers of the universe — they give us light and energy, define planetary systems, and impact galactic structure. Among them, the Sun is the most examined object because it’s relatively close to our planet. But with half a century of observations and advanced modeling, essential inconsistencies persist in our picture of its internal characteristics. A recent scientific breakthrough has shed new light on a long-standing mystery in solar physics — the role of opacity in explaining elemental abundances and energy transport within the Sun. Why Study the Sun? Scientists study the Sun at two levels: Theoretical Understanding: By observing electromagnetic radiation, solar flares, sunspots, and charged particles, researchers test and refine theories that explain solar processes. Stellar Models: The Sun is used as a standard for simulating other stars. These models mimic: Heat and energy production Magnetic fields and stellar rotation Sunquakes and solar flares Evolution of the stellar atmosphere Star cluster and galaxy formation Knowledge of stellar behavior assists scientists in deciphering the structure and evolution of the universe. The Opacity Discrepancy in Solar Models Until the mid-2010s, solar models consistently predicted 30–50% less carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen in the Sun than had actually been observed. This was a basic problem since solar models, although intricate and supercomputer-dependent, had otherwise been successful at predicting. Solar brightness Initially, scientists suspected measurement errors in elemental abundances. In 2015, a groundbreaking study suggested that the opacity (i.e., energy absorption) of certain elements, particularly iron, was underpredicted. Key Findings: Iron’s Opacity Up to 400% Higher Scientists exposed iron’s plasma to solar-like conditions near the radiation-convection boundary (around 30% within the Sun’s radius). Results indicated: Iron’s opacity was 30–400% greater than theoretical expectations Opacity variations according to radiation frequency A 15% rise in mean opacity would resolve the abundance discrepancy That is, errors in how much energy elements such as iron absorb will skew solar model predictions. Helioseismic and Experimental Reinforcement These results have been confirmed by recent research with helioseismic data (helioseismology, the study of sound waves within the Sun) and laboratory experiments: Seismic opacity profiles indicated ~10% more opacity than theory at 2 million K, although lower by 35% than some recalculated models. Sandia National Laboratories scientists utilized cutting-edge ultrafast X-ray spectrometry to measure the opacity of changing plasmas with previously unprecedented accuracy. This verified that temporal gradients in the plasma were not a possible explanation for the model-data discrepancy — the issue resides in theoretical opacity assumptions. Technological Challenges and Future Directions To measure opacity under conditions similar to the Sun requires: Electron energies ≥ 180 eV Particle densities > 30,000 billion billion per millilitre Employment of magnesium tracers to derive energy and density Precise measurement of line optical depth (shadow darkness) to make an estimate of radiation absorption The second step is absolute opacity measurements with formal uncertainty estimates, which are now being researched. Astrophysics and Cosmology Significance Solving the opacity problem will enhance solar models so that solar activity can be predicted better. Improved stellar models can be used to model star formation, planetary system dynamics, and galactic evolution with precision. Facilitates the understanding of exoplanet habitability, star lifecycle, and element formation in the universe.
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi: Living Testament to Buddhist Heritage and History
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi: Living Testament to Buddhist Heritage and History Why in News? As part of his trip to Sri Lanka, Prime Minister of India visited the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi temple at the historic city of Anuradhapura. What is the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree? The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree is considered the oldest living cultivated plant in the world, and is believed to have grown from a branch that an Indian princess carried to Sri Lanka. This Bo (Ficus religiosa, Pipal in Hindi) tree is believed to have grown from a branch of the tree in Bodhgaya (in present-day Bihar) under which Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment. The branch was carried to Sri Lanka by Sanghamitta (or Sanghamitra), the Mauryan king Ashoka’s daughter and Buddhist nun. Her arrival in Sri Lanka with the tree is still celebrated as Uduvapa Poya, an annual festival observed on a full moon night in December. The tree, along with the other Buddhist shrines in the ancient city of Anuradhapura, is a major pilgrimage centre for Buddhists. Anuradhapura is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. “Anuradhapura, a Ceylonese political and religious capital that flourished for 1,300 years, was abandoned after an invasion in 993 CE. Hidden away in dense jungle for many years, the splendid site, with its palaces, monasteries and monuments, is now accessible once again,” the UNESCO website says. The invasion in 993 CE was by the Chola empire of south India. Why did Sanghamitta travel to Sri Lanka? On the invitation of the king, and the suggestion of her brother, Mahendra or Mahinda. During the reign of Ashoka, the Third Buddhist Council is believed to have met, where it was decided to send missionaries to different regions to propagate Buddhism. Missions left for Gandhara, Kashmir, south India, some Greek kingdoms, and Sri Lanka. The very successful mission to Sri Lanka was led by prince Mahendra, or Mahinda, Ashoka’s son. Mahinda met King Devanampiya Tissa, whose capital was Anuradhapura, and converted him to Buddhism. After a number of royal ladies also wished to join the Buddhist monastic order, Mahinda sent for his sister, Sanghamitta, to come and initiate them. Both Mahinda and Sanghamitta lived in Anuradhapura for the rest of their lives. How has the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree survived for so long? Through dedicated care and the fact that the Pipal tree can regrow from its roots and seeds. The tree has not been immune to attacks — in 1929, a man tried to chop it off in an act of vandalism, while in 1985, LTTE militants went on a rampage in Anuradhapura, gunning down 146 people in the vicinity of the tree. Mahabodhi tree in Gaya While the original tree under which Lord Buddha meditated was destroyed (in some legends, by one of Ashoka’s wives, Tishyarakshita), the existing Pipal tree at the site is believed to have descended from the germplasm (genetic material) of that original tree.
‘Oscars of Science’- Breakthrough Prize 2025 Awarded
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 08th April 2025 Home / ‘Oscars of Science’- Breakthrough Prize 2025 Awarded Why in News? The 2025 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to 13,508 physicists across four collaborative projects at CERN Introduction The 2025 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics has recognised 13,508 physicists from four collaborative projects at CERN. This prestigious award, often referred to as the Oscars of Science, was announced on April 5, 2025. It marks advancements in life sciences, mathematics, and fundamental physics. About Breakthrough Prizes The Breakthrough Prize was set up in 2013. Its founders include Mark Zuckerberg, Priscilla Chan, Sergey Brin, Anne Wojcicki, and Yuri and Julia Milner. The awards celebrate scientific achievements and inspire future generations. They promote a vision of science for the benefit of all as a global and apolitical initiative. Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences Three groups of scientists received this award. First, five scientists developed weight-loss drugs, Ozempic and Wegovy, through their research on the GLP-1 hormone. Daniel J. Drucker, Joel Habener, Jens Juul Holst, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen and Svetlana Mojsov share the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. Second, Alberto Ascherio and Stephen L. Hauser were recognised for their work on Multiple Sclerosis, identifying B-cells’ role and linking Epstein-Barr virus to the disease. Third, David R Liu was awarded for his innovations in gene-editing technologies, particularly base and prime editing, allowing precise DNA modifications. GLP-1 Hormone Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by the intestines in response to food intake. It plays a key role in regulating blood sugar by stimulating insulin release, inhibiting glucagon secretion, and slowing gastric emptying. GLP-1 also promotes a feeling of fullness, making it important in weight management and the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide and liraglutide, have become prominent in medical therapies due to their effectiveness in lowering blood glucose and aiding weight loss. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin sheath covering nerve fibers in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This leads to disrupted nerve signals, causing symptoms like muscle weakness, vision problems, fatigue, and difficulty with coordination. The disease progresses in different forms, including relapsing-remitting and progressive types. Though MS has no cure, treatments such as immunomodulators, physiotherapy, and disease-modifying drugs can slow its progression and manage symptoms effectively. Gene Editing Gene editing refers to technologies that enable scientists to alter DNA sequences within living organisms. The most widely known method is CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise, targeted changes to the genome by cutting and repairing DNA. Gene editing holds immense promise for treating genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, certain cancers, and inherited blindness. While it offers revolutionary possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, ethical concerns—especially around germline editing and potential misuse—have led to global debates and the call for strict regulatory frameworks. Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics This prize was awarded to four collaborations at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. Their research focused on the Higgs boson, crucial for understanding mass in fundamental particles. Their findings confirm the symmetry-breaking mechanism of mass generation and explore new particle interactions. The prize money supports further research and grants for doctoral students at CERN. CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Located beneath the France–Switzerland border, the LHC is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, housed in a 27-km tunnel. It collides protons at near-light speeds to study fundamental particles and recreate conditions similar to those just after the Big Bang. Major detectors like ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb are used for different experiments. CERN is also planning a much larger Future Circular Collider (FCC) to further explore unanswered questions in particle physics beyond the Standard Model. Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics Dennis Gaitsgory received the Mathematics Breakthrough Prize for his very important role in proving the geometric Langlands conjecture. This work bridges various mathematical fields and reflects over thirty years of dedication to developing new tools in derived algebraic geometry. The Langlands Program is often called the “grand unified theory of mathematics,” was started in 1967 by Robert Langlands. The goal of this program is to connect different areas of mathematics, especially number theory and harmonic analysis. In the 1990s, a similar link was found between geometry and harmonic analysis, leading to the birth of the geometric Langlands Program. In 2024, Dennis Gaitsgory from the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Germany, along with eight other researchers, made a major breakthrough. In five detailed research papers (around 1,000 pages), they proved that many geometric shapes are connected to ideas from calculus. For this big achievement, Gaitsgory was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, which includes a reward of $3 million. Other Awards The Breakthrough Prize Foundation also awarded six New Horizons Prizes, each valued at $100,000, to early-career physicists and mathematicians. Additionally, the Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize was given to three women mathematicians pursuing their PhD, each receiving $50,000.
Electrified railway- changing track to hydrogen
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 07th April 2025 Home / Electrified railway- changing track to hydrogen Why in News? Indian Railways is nearing 100% electrification, raising questions about the economic and strategic rationale of investing in hydrogen-powered locomotives. Introduction Indian Railways, one of the largest rail networks in the world, is nearing 100% electrification, marking a significant milestone in India’s transport decarbonisation journey. While the global interest in hydrogen-powered locomotives is growing, the question arises — does this align with India’s present infrastructure and climate priorities? Electrification as a Strategic Climate and Economic Move Decarbonisation Goal: Electrification is a central component of India’s commitment under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With an increasing share of electricity drawn from renewable energy sources (solar, wind), Indian Railways is fast becoming a green transport giant. Economic Efficiency: Electrification has brought down traction costs considerably compared to diesel locomotion. It has also reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels, saving foreign exchange and enhancing energy security. Network Readiness: Over 85% of the rail network is already electrified, and nearing complete electrification, Indian Railways has established a robust and integrated electric traction ecosystem including substations, maintenance yards, and operational protocols. Hydrogen Locomotives: A Premature Investment? Early-stage Technology: Hydrogen-powered rail technology remains experimental, with limited operational use globally (e.g., in Germany and parts of Japan). The technology’s costs are high, and efficiency remains lower than direct electrification in grid-connected systems. Redundancy Concern: With almost full electrification already in place, hydrogen trains could lead to duplicative investments in infrastructure (e.g., hydrogen fuelling stations, storage units), which may not yield proportional returns. Better Use Cases Elsewhere: Hydrogen trains are more relevant in non-electrified, remote, or mountainous regions where grid access is challenging — a situation no longer applicable to India’s largely electrified routes. Conclusion While innovation in hydrogen technology should continue for potential niche applications and energy diversification, India’s present priorities lie in maximising returns on its near-complete electrification. For Indian Railways, the goal should be to strengthen electrified infrastructure, integrate more renewables into the grid, and explore hydrogen only where electrification is not feasible.
Wikimedia and the free flow of information
UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 07th April 2025 Home / Wikimedia and the free flow of information Why in News? The Delhi High Court’s order directing Wikipedia to reverse edits on ANI’s page raises concerns over judicial overreach, digital free speech, and the safe harbour protections under the IT Act, 2000. Introduction In a significant development with implications for digital freedom and platform governance, the Delhi High Court directed the Wikimedia Foundation to reverse edits made to the Wikipedia page of Asian News International (ANI) amid a defamation suit filed by the agency in 2024. The court’s stance raised concerns about judicial overreach, freedom of expression, and the future of collaborative knowledge platforms like Wikipedia in India. Wikipedia’s Operating Model and the Court’s Observations: Wikipedia is a free, open-source encyclopedia written and edited by a global community of volunteers. It functions based on strict community guidelines, emphasizing neutrality, verifiability, and attribution to reputable sources. Importantly, the platform does not produce original content but compiles existing information with due citations. However, in the ANI case, the Delhi High Court made several concerning observations: It sought the identities of anonymous editors, challenging Wikipedia’s practice of preserving volunteer anonymity to protect contributors from retaliation. It warned of blocking Wikipedia in India and questioned Wikimedia Foundation’s operations, making remarks such as, “If you don’t like India, please don’t work in India.” It dismissed the Foundation’s appeal to safe harbour protections under the Information Technology Act, 2000, by claiming the content cited editorials and opinionated pieces. Key Issues and Implications: Safe Harbour and Platform Liability: Under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000, intermediaries like Wikipedia are granted “safe harbour” — legal immunity for user-generated content, provided they follow due diligence and comply with takedown notices. The court’s decision challenges this principle by holding the platform accountable for content sourced and edited by volunteers. Threat to Volunteer-Driven Models: By demanding the identities of Wikipedia editors, the order may deter civic participation in decentralised digital platforms. Anonymity is critical for contributors who fear backlash for editing politically or socially sensitive content. Credibility vs. Control: While the court emphasized the need to protect ANI’s credibility, it blurred the distinction between fact-based aggregation and personal opinions. Wikipedia relies on referencing secondary sources like news editorials, and dismissing such citations may undermine the platform’s neutrality standards. Risk of Censorship: The threat of state-imposed restrictions or blocking highlights a shift towards centralised information control, echoing concerns raised globally about digital censorship. It also reflects a growing discomfort among institutions with participatory, decentralised knowledge production. Broader Concerns: Chilling Effect on Free Speech: Judicial warnings and the threat of government intervention may discourage open discourse and democratic critique on the internet. Undermining Civic Tech Platforms: Public distrust in crowd-sourced platforms due to isolated content disputes could reverse gains made in accessible knowledge sharing. Need for Judicial Sensitivity: Courts must balance reputational rights with democratic values and the unique nature of global digital platforms. Conclusion The Delhi High Court’s approach to the ANI-Wikipedia episode reflects growing friction between traditional institutions and decentralised digital collaborations. While addressing misinformation and defamation is crucial, India’s judiciary and state apparatus must recognize and respect the nuanced role that platforms like Wikipedia play. Instead of seeking punitive control, engagement with their governance models, promoting media literacy, and ensuring proportional response will better serve democratic values in the digital age.
