UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 27th March 2025
What is DNA fingerprinting?
Why in News?
DNA fingerprinting uniquely identifies individuals by analyzing genetic patterns inherited from both parents, making it a powerful tool for forensic investigations, paternity testing, and biological research.
Introduction
- DNA Fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a scientific technique used to identify individuals based on their unique genetic patterns.
- Developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys, it examines specific regions of DNA that vary from person to person, making it a powerful tool in forensic science, paternity testing, and genetic research.
Principle Behind DNA Fingerprinting
- Human DNA is 99.9% identical across all individuals, but certain Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are highly unique.
- These repeated DNA segments form the basis of DNA fingerprinting, allowing for personal identification.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify these sequences, enabling scientists to generate a genetic profile.
Process of DNA Fingerprinting
- Sample Collection – DNA is extracted from sources like blood, hair, bone, semen, or buccal swabs.
- DNA Extraction – The DNA is purified using chemical processes.
- PCR Amplification – Targeted STR regions are amplified for analysis.
- Separation – DNA fragments are sorted using gel electrophoresis based on size.
- Detection – DNA bands are visualized using fluorescent dyes.
- Profile Generation – The pattern of bands is analyzed to create a unique DNA profile.
- Matching – The DNA profile is compared with existing databases for identification.
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
- Forensic Investigations – Helps match crime scene evidence to suspects (e.g., Shraddha Walkar murder case).
- Paternity & Relationship Testing – Establishes biological relationships for legal and personal purposes.
- Disaster Victim Identification – Used in identifying remains from accidents, wars, and natural disasters.
- Wildlife Forensics – Assists in tracking poachers and conserving endangered species.
- Anthropology & Human Migration Studies – Traces ancient human lineages and genetic migrations.
- Agriculture & Livestock Breeding – Determines pedigree, disease resistance, and genetic modifications.
- Medical Diagnosis – Detects inherited disorders like Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis.
Limitations of DNA Fingerprinting
- Not 100% Conclusive – While highly accurate, it requires corroborative evidence in legal cases.
- Risk of Contamination – DNA samples can be compromised at crime scenes or laboratories.
- Difficulty in Mixed Samples – Separating DNA from multiple individuals is challenging.
- High Cost & Infrastructure Requirements – Requires advanced lab equipment and trained personnel.
- Degradation of DNA – Environmental factors can damage DNA, leading to incomplete profiles.
Government Initiatives in India
To harness DNA technology, India has established various institutions and legal frameworks:
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), Kolkata & Chandigarh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi
Legislation & Policies
DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019
- Aimed to regulate DNA usage for personal identification and forensic investigations.
- Proposed DNA Regulatory Board & DNA Data Banks at national and regional levels.
- Withdrawn by the government as its provisions were covered under The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022.
- Faced opposition over privacy concerns related to DNA databases.
Conclusion
- DNA Fingerprinting has revolutionized forensic science, criminal investigations, and medical research.
- Despite its challenges, continuous advancements and government initiatives are enhancing its accuracy and accessibility, making it a vital tool in ensuring justice, security, and scientific progress.
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