Government to set up second national Gene Bank to ensure future food security

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Government to set up second national Gene Bank to ensure future food security Why in News? The second National Gene Bank aims to enhance India’s capacity for conserving agricultural biodiversity and ensuring long-term food security. Introduction The central government has announced the establishment of the second National Gene Bank (NGB) as part of its commitment to ensuring long-term food and nutritional security. This initiative falls under the “Investing in Innovations” theme of the Union Budget 2025-26 and aims to conserve 10 lakh crop germplasm for future generations. Background and Significance The first National Gene Bank, located at the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in New Delhi, holds the distinction of being the second-largest gene bank in the world. It currently houses 4,71,561 accessions from 2,157 species. These plant genetic resources play a crucial role in the improvement of crops and the management of genetic diversity, aiding both public and private sector agencies engaged in agricultural development and research. The establishment of the second NGB is a significant step towards enhancing India’s capacity to conserve a diverse range of plant genetic resources. The initiative underscores the government’s commitment to biodiversity conservation, agricultural sustainability, and long-term food security. Objectives of the Second National Gene Bank Expansion of Genetic Resource Conservation: The new facility will enable the storage and preservation of a larger variety of crop germplasm, ensuring the availability of diverse genetic material for future agricultural advancements. Strengthening India’s Role in Global Biodiversity Conservation: With state-of-the-art infrastructure, the second NGB will position India as a leader in global efforts to safeguard genetic resources. Enhancing Crop Improvement and Research: The preserved germplasm will be accessible to research institutions and private sector agencies, facilitating innovations in crop breeding, resilience, and productivity. Ensuring Sustainable Agricultural Practices: By conserving a wider variety of genetic material, the gene bank will contribute to the development of climate-resilient and high-yield crops, essential for sustainable agriculture. Government’s Vision and Future Prospects The establishment of the second NGB aligns with India’s broader vision of agricultural innovation and sustainability. This move is expected to bolster national food security efforts, mitigate the risks posed by climate change, and support the growing demand for diverse and nutritious crops. As India takes proactive steps in preserving its rich agricultural heritage, the second National Gene Bank will serve as a cornerstone for future agricultural resilience, ensuring that genetic resources remain safeguarded for the benefit of future generations.

Why are tensions high in the Arctic?

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Why are tensions high in the Arctic? Why in News? The Arctic is becoming a geopolitical hotspot due to climate change-driven accessibility, resource competition, and rising military tensions among global powers. Introduction The Arctic region, once largely isolated, has gained strategic importance due to climate change-induced ice melt, unlocking new trade routes and access to vast untapped natural resources. However, overlapping territorial claims, military posturing, and geopolitical rivalries have escalated tensions among Arctic nations and global powers. Geopolitical Significance of the Arctic Natural Resources – The Arctic is estimated to hold 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of its untapped natural gas reserves. Additionally, it has rare earth elements, phosphates, and lucrative fishing grounds. Strategic Trade Routes – The melting ice has made shipping routes like the Northeast Passage (along Russia’s coast) and the Northwest Passage (through Canada’s Arctic Archipelago) more accessible, reducing maritime distance between Europe and Asia. Military and Security Interests – The Arctic is witnessing increased military activity, particularly by Russia, the U.S., and NATO members, raising concerns about potential conflicts. Governance of the Arctic The Arctic Council consists of eight member countries: Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the U.S. It focuses on environmental protection, scientific research, and indigenous rights. Unlike Antarctica, which is protected under an international treaty, the Arctic is primarily governed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), allowing nations to claim the seabed beyond their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Russia, Canada, and Denmark have submitted overlapping claims over the Arctic seabed, leading to disputes. Key Geopolitical Tensions Russia vs. NATO – Russia has the most extensive Arctic infrastructure, including nuclear-powered icebreakers and military bases. Since Sweden and Finland joined NATO post-Ukraine war, NATO has strengthened its Arctic presence, raising tensions. U.S. vs. Canada (Northwest Passage Dispute) – The U.S. considers the Northwest Passage an international waterway, whereas Canada claims it as internal waters, leading to legal and diplomatic disagreements. U.S. vs. Denmark (Greenland Issue) – The U.S. has shown interest in acquiring Greenland due to its strategic location and rare earth deposits. Denmark has resisted these efforts and bolstered its security presence. Russia’s Territorial Claims – Russian officials have suggested claims over Norway’s Svalbard Islands and have conducted military drills with China, adding to Arctic security concerns. China’s Arctic Ambitions – Though not an Arctic nation, China has declared itself a “Near-Arctic State” and is pushing for the Polar Silk Road, aiming to use Arctic trade routes for economic expansion. Implications of Arctic Tensions Geopolitical Rivalries – The Arctic could become a zone of great-power competition, particularly between the U.S., Russia, NATO, and China. Environmental Concerns – Increased human activity threatens the fragile Arctic ecosystem, accelerating climate change. Resource Exploitation – Nations are eager to exploit the Arctic’s vast natural resources, which could lead to conflicts over extraction rights. Maritime Security – Disputes over Arctic shipping routes could disrupt global trade, affecting economic stability. Arctic Council The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum established to promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic states, indigenous communities, and other stakeholders on Arctic issues. It was founded by the Ottawa Declaration (1996) and focuses on sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic region. Key Features of the Arctic Council Feature Details Established 1996 (Ottawa Declaration) Type Intergovernmental forum (Not treaty-based) Headquarters Tromsø, Norway Members 8 Arctic states Observers 38 (including India, China, and Japan) Focus Areas Sustainable development, environmental protection, indigenous rights, scientific cooperation Members of the Arctic Council The eight Arctic states that form the core members of the Arctic Council are: Canada Denmark (including Greenland & Faroe Islands) Finland Iceland Norway Russia Sweden United States Each of these states has sovereignty over parts of the Arctic region and plays a crucial role in governance and policy formulation. Observers of the Arctic Council The Arctic Council grants observer status to non-Arctic states, intergovernmental organizations, and NGOs. Observers participate in discussions but do not have decision-making rights. Some key observer states include: India (Observer since 2013) China Japan South Korea United Kingdom Germany France India’s involvement focuses on scientific research, climate studies, and sustainable development. Structure of the Arctic Council Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs): Lead representatives from member states managing the council’s work. Working Groups: Specialized bodies conducting research and projects on issues like climate change, biodiversity, and pollution. Indigenous Permanent Participants: Six indigenous groups (e.g., Inuit Circumpolar Council, Saami Council) that actively contribute to decision-making. Way Forward Strengthening Arctic Governance – Establishing an Arctic treaty similar to the Antarctic Treaty System could help in resource-sharing and conflict prevention. Diplomatic Dialogue – Arctic Council members should engage in multilateral negotiations to resolve overlapping territorial claims. Environmental Protection – Sustainable development initiatives must be prioritized to balance economic interests with ecological preservation. Military De-escalation – Confidence-building measures between NATO and Russia are essential to avoid an Arctic arms race. Conclusion The Arctic is emerging as a key theatre of strategic, economic, and military competition among global powers. While climate change presents new opportunities, it also raises risks of territorial conflicts and environmental degradation. Effective diplomacy, multilateral cooperation, and sustainable policies are crucial for ensuring peace and stability in the region.

Yunus: Bangladesh is China’s Gateway to India’s Landlocked Northeast

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Yunus: Bangladesh is China’s Gateway to India’s Landlocked Northeast Why in News? Bangladesh’s interim government chief advisor, Professor Muhammad Yunus, highlighted Bangladesh’s strategic role in India’s Northeast connectivity while advocating for closer economic ties with China Introduction Bangladesh’s interim government chief advisor, Professor Muhammad Yunus, emphasized Dhaka’s strategic importance for India’s Northeast while advocating for stronger economic ties with China. During his four-day visit to China (March 26-29, 2025), Yunus stated that Bangladesh is the “only guardian of the ocean” for Northeast India and suggested that the region could serve as an “extension of the Chinese economy.” His remarks have raised concerns in New Delhi, as India’s engagement with Bangladesh has been crucial for the economic and security dynamics of the Northeast. Shift in Bangladesh’s Foreign Policy? Yunus’s statement on Northeast India: Described the region as “landlocked” and reliant on Bangladesh for access to the ocean. Indicated that the economic future of Northeast India could be linked to China through Bangladesh. Economic Outreach to China: During his meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Yunus sought greater Chinese investments to revive Bangladesh’s economy. Termed China a “good friend” and projected it as a balancing factor against India. Upcoming BIMSTEC Summit (April 3-4, 2025): Yunus has requested a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Thailand. India’s response is awaited, as the Northeast is a key focus area in India’s BIMSTEC engagement. India’s Strategic Concerns Bangladesh’s Leverage on Northeast India India’s Northeast has historically depended on the ‘Chicken’s Neck’ corridor in North Bengal, making transit through Bangladesh a key geopolitical factor. Over the past decade-and-a-half, India has worked with former PM Sheikh Hasina’s government to facilitate connectivity, including: Inland waterway agreements Rail and road transit projects Energy cooperation Yunus’s remarks suggest a potential shift in Dhaka’s policy, leveraging its position as a transit hub for economic and strategic gains. Deepening Bangladesh-China Ties China is a major investor in Bangladesh’s infrastructure projects, including: The Padma Bridge Rail Link Project Development of Chittagong Port Several energy and special economic zone projects Bangladesh’s increasing economic dependence on China could reshape regional power dynamics, affecting India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy. China’s influence in South Asia through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) could limit India’s strategic access and economic influence. Implications for India’s Northeast and Act East Policy India’s Act East Policy focuses on linking the Northeast with Southeast Asia through connectivity projects like: Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project (via Myanmar) India-Bangladesh cross-border rail links A Bangladesh tilt towards China could impact these projects, potentially increasing costs and logistical challenges for India. China’s economic influence in Bangladesh could also lead to security concerns, including greater Chinese military presence in the Bay of Bengal. Way Forward for India Strengthening Diplomatic Engagement with Bangladesh India should engage with Bangladesh’s interim government to reaffirm past agreements and maintain cooperation in connectivity projects. Expanding initiatives such as the India-Bangladesh joint economic corridor can reduce Chinese influence. Enhancing Regional Connectivity Beyond Bangladesh Diversifying connectivity routes via: Trilateral Highway (India-Myanmar-Thailand) Deep-sea port collaborations in Myanmar (Sittwe) and Sri Lanka Expediting BIMSTEC projects to establish alternative trade corridors. Economic and Security Partnerships Strengthening India’s economic presence in Bangladesh through targeted investments in: Manufacturing and supply chains Renewable energy cooperation Digital infrastructure Expanding defense ties with Bangladesh to counter China’s growing military influence in South Asia.

Tackling the disinformation threat in India

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Tackling the disinformation threat in India Why in News? The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Risks Report 2025 highlights misinformation and disinformation as the most significant short-term global threat. Introduction The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Risks Report 2025 has highlighted misinformation and disinformation as the most significant short-term global threat. The report defines a global risk as an event that can adversely affect a substantial portion of the population, global GDP, and natural resources. The rapid proliferation of AI-generated content, algorithmic biases, and deep societal divides has made it increasingly difficult to distinguish facts from fabricated narratives. The Crisis of Information Disorder India, with an expanding digital population of over 900 million Internet users, is particularly vulnerable to disinformation and manipulated narratives. The country’s diverse political and social landscape creates a fertile ground for the spread of falsehoods, influencing voters and economic decisions. This is not just a political challenge but also an economic and social one, leading to consumer boycotts, economic disruptions, and international tensions. Adding to this crisis, trust in legacy media has significantly declined, with social media emerging as the primary news source. As a result, many users unknowingly forward unverified information, assuming it to be credible because it originates from familiar sources. Political entities and non-state actors exploit this trust deficit to spread propaganda, further fueling polarization and social unrest. India’s Battle Against Disinformation As a rising global power, India has faced foreign disinformation threats, particularly from China. The 2017 Doklam standoff prompted India to ban over 300 Chinese apps, including TikTok, to curb external interference. According to a study by the Indian School of Business and the CyberPeace Foundation, 46% of disinformation in India is political, followed by 33.6% on general issues and 16.8% on religious topics. Platforms such as Weibo, controlled by China, have been instrumental in distorting India’s global image. Additionally, concerns have arisen over Meta’s potential decision to end fact-checking partnerships, similar to what was observed in the United States. With almost 400 million Facebook and 500 million WhatsApp users, India represents one of the largest digital markets, making it crucial to implement effective regulatory mechanisms. Recommended Measures The Global Risks Report 2025 outlines several key strategies to mitigate the risks posed by disinformation: Regulation of AI-Generated Content – Establishing supervisory boards and AI councils to monitor Generative AI practices and algorithmic biases. Strengthening Digital Literacy – Public awareness campaigns, such as the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Literacy Campaign, to enhance critical thinking skills. Platform Accountability – Implementing risk assessments for very large online platforms (VLOPs), similar to the EU’s Digital Services Act. Cybersecurity Research – Increasing investment in cybersecurity innovations to counteract deepfakes and AI-driven misinformation. Content Moderation Policies – Enforcing strict non-discrimination rules and ensuring funding transparency for online advertisements to prevent manipulated narratives. Cross-Border Collaboration – Establishing global coalitions to combat foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI). Concerns Over Surveillance and Censorship While stringent regulations are necessary to combat misinformation, the WEF report also warns against excessive censorship and surveillance. Misuse of regulatory policies could lead to restrictions on free speech and potential authoritarian control over digital spaces. Thus, any intervention must balance security concerns with democratic safeguards. Conclusion Misinformation and disinformation are not just technological challenges but tests of global democratic values. As the world’s largest democracy, India must take a leading role in promoting digital resilience by implementing comprehensive policies that counteract disinformation while upholding freedom of expression. The real challenge is not just fighting falsehoods but ensuring that India’s unity in diversity remains intact in the face of rising digital polarization.

Forest areas encroached in 25 States, Union Territories: MP, Assam worst affected

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Forest areas encroached in 25 States, Union Territories: MP, Assam worst affected Why in News? Over 13,000 sq km of forest land across 25 Indian states and UTs is under encroachment, with Madhya Pradesh and Assam being the most affected, according to the Environment Ministry’s report to the NGT. Introduction A significant portion of India’s forest land, totaling over 13,000 square kilometers, is currently under encroachment across 25 States and Union Territories, according to data submitted by the Union Environment Ministry to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). This encroached area is larger than the combined geographical area of Delhi, Sikkim, and Goa.   The NGT had previously taken suo motu cognizance of a report last year that indicated over 7,506 sq km of forest area was under encroachment. Following this, the NGT directed the Environment Ministry to compile comprehensive data on forest encroachment from all states and UTs.   The latest report, submitted to the NGT last week, reveals that as of March 2024, 13,056 sq km of forest area has been encroached upon by 25 states and UTs that have provided data. Understanding Forest Area (RFA) The report clarifies that “Recorded Forest Area” includes land officially designated as forest by the government, regardless of whether it has tree cover. This area is further categorized into reserved forests, protected forests, and unclassed forests with varying levels of protection and permitted activities.   Efforts to Remove Encroachment The ministry’s report also indicates that encroachment has been removed from 77 sq km of forest land so far. However, it remains unclear if this area has been excluded from the total figure of encroached land as of March 2024.   Government Action The Union Environment Ministry has been actively pursuing data collection from states and UTs, sending multiple letters and reminders, and holding meetings to obtain the required information in a standardized format.   Key Findings Total Encroached Forest Area: As of March 2024, 13,056 sq km of forest land is under encroachment across 25 States and UTs. This is larger than the combined area of Delhi, Sikkim, and Goa. Majorly Affected States: Madhya Pradesh: 5,460.9 sq km (Highest encroachment) Assam: 3,620.9 sq km Karnataka: 863.08 sq km Maharashtra: 575.54 sq km Arunachal Pradesh: 534.9 sq km Odisha, UP, Mizoram, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh also have significant encroachments. States Yet to Submit Data: Bihar, Haryana, HP, Rajasthan, Telangana, WB, Nagaland, Delhi, J&K, Ladakh are yet to provide their figures. Forest Classification & Protection: Forest areas in India fall under Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, and Unclassed Forests. Reserved forests enjoy the highest protection, while unclassed forests have the least restrictions. Government Action: 409.77 sq km of encroached land has been cleared. The Environment Ministry has issued multiple reminders to states for data submission. Implications Deforestation & Ecological Impact: Encroachment leads to habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and climate change effects. Legal & Policy Challenges: Stricter enforcement and rehabilitation plans are needed to prevent encroachment. Need for Comprehensive Data: With several states yet to report, the real extent of encroachment could be even higher.

Environment and Ecology: CAG report on pollution flags ‘flaws’ in AQI data, PUC certificate system

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 02nd April 2025 Home / Environment and Ecology: CAG report on pollution flags ‘flaws’ in AQI data, PUC certificate system Why in News? A CAG report has highlighted inaccuracies in Delhi’s air quality monitoring, lapses in vehicular pollution control, and failure to implement alternative public transport solutions. Introduction A recent Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report titled Prevention and Mitigation of Vehicular Air Pollution in Delhi has raised concerns over the accuracy of air quality monitoring in the national capital. The report, tabled in the Delhi Assembly by Chief Minister Rekha Gupta, highlighted major discrepancies in pollution monitoring systems and inefficiencies in vehicular pollution control measures. Key Findings of the CAG Report Unreliable Air Quality Monitoring The locations of air quality monitoring stations did not meet the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines, leading to potential inaccuracies in the Air Quality Index (AQI) data. The Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) lacked adequate data, failing to monitor pollutant concentration for the required minimum of 16 hours per day. The DPCC did not measure lead (Pb) levels in Delhi’s ambient air, further affecting data reliability. Inaction on Public Transport Expansion Despite a significant shortage of public transport buses, the Delhi government did not implement alternative transit systems like monorail or trolleybuses, despite budget provisions allocated for the past seven years. Lapses in Vehicular Pollution Control The Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification system had major discrepancies, with many vehicle owners failing to adhere to prescribed pollution-check norms. The system for issuing fitness certificates to commercial vehicles was dysfunctional and prone to misuse. The government failed to enforce the Delhi Management and Parking Places Rules, contributing to vehicular stagnation and congestion due to haphazard parking. Lack of Regulatory Oversight There was no government inspection of pollution-checking centres, nor were any third-party audits conducted to ensure compliance with pollution norms. Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate Definition & Purpose Mandatory document for all vehicles in India. Certifies that vehicle emissions are within government-prescribed limits. Required under Central Motor Vehicles Rule, 1989. Validity & Renewal New vehicles exempt for first year. Must undergo regular PUC tests after one year. Typically valid for one year from issuance. Penalties for Non-Compliance Fine up to ₹10,000 or six months imprisonment or both. Possible license suspension for three months. If emissions exceed limits despite a valid certificate, it is cancelled, and a new one must be obtained within 7 days. Applicability Required for petrol, diesel, and CNG vehicles. Conclusion The CAG report highlights serious inefficiencies in air quality monitoring and vehicular pollution control mechanisms in Delhi. It underscores the need for better enforcement of pollution norms, expansion of public transport alternatives, and stricter regulatory oversight. The findings have also ignited a political debate, reflecting the broader challenge of combating air pollution in India’s capital city.

NITI Aayog develops portal on finances of States

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 01st April 2025 Home / NITI Aayog develops portal on finances of States Why in News? Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will inaugurate the “NITI NCAER States Economic Forum” portal in New Delhi, developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). Introduction On April 1, 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will inaugurate the “NITI NCAER States Economic Forum” portal in New Delhi, developed by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). This portal serves as a comprehensive repository of data spanning 30 years (1990-91 to 2022-23), covering key social, economic, and fiscal parameters across Indian states. Portal Features: The portal provides crucial insights for policymakers, researchers, and citizens alike, and is structured into four main components: State Reports:These reports summarize the macro and fiscal landscape of 28 Indian States, categorizing them into indicators related to demography, economic structure, and fiscal health. Data Repository:It provides direct access to a comprehensive database organized into five verticals: Demography Economic Structure Fiscal Indicators Health Education State Fiscal and Economic Dashboard:This component offers graphical representations of economic variables over time, helping users quickly assess trends and track economic developments across states. Research and Commentary:This section features research papers and expert commentary on critical issues such as fiscal policy, financial management, and state finances. Significance The launch of this portal aligns with NITI Aayog’s broader vision of fostering data-driven governance and providing informed policy decisions. The portal aims to: Enable data-driven policy formulation by offering in-depth access to historical trends and real-time analytics. Benchmark the progress of states against national figures and each other, facilitating comparative analysis. Support informed debates and discussions on state and national economic strategies by offering a central platform for both researchers and policymakers. Implications for Governance: The “NITI NCAER States Economic Forum” will: Serve as a centralized hub for comprehensive data on social, economic, and fiscal parameters, spanning three decades. Enhance accountability and transparency in state-level fiscal management. Aid in monitoring development progress, identifying emerging trends, and formulating evidence-based policies that can foster balanced and inclusive growth across states. This initiative highlights the increasing role of data analytics in modern governance and underscores the importance of open data platforms in ensuring accountable and efficient policymaking in India.

Sarhul: Celebrating Tribal Heritage and Identity through History and Politics

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 01st April 2025 Home / Sarhul: Celebrating Tribal Heritage and Identity through History and Politics Why in News? The Sarhul festival, celebrated by Adivasis in Jharkhand and the Chhotanagpur region, is a significant nature worship festival honoring the Sal tree. About The Sarhul festival, celebrated primarily by the Adivasis in Jharkhand and the broader Chhotanagpur region, marks a significant occasion that welcomes the new year and the onset of spring. This festival, deeply rooted in nature worship, centers around the reverence for the Sal tree (Shorea robusta), which is considered sacred in Adivasi tradition. The Sal tree is believed to be the dwelling place of Sarna Maa, the deity responsible for safeguarding the village from adverse natural forces. Nature Worship and Symbolism The central theme of the Sarhul festival is nature worship. It celebrates the vital relationship between the Sun and the Earth, symbolizing their union as essential for the continuation of life. In Adivasi belief, the Sun and Earth must come together for life to thrive, an idea that is symbolically enacted during the festival. A male priest, known as the pahan, represents the Sun, while his wife, the pahen, embodies the Earth. This union forms the basis of all life on Earth, emphasizing the interconnectedness of natural elements. Key Rituals and Celebrations The festival lasts for three days, with the primary rituals occurring on the second day at the Sarna Sthal (sacred grove). The sacred groves, located near Adivasi villages, serve as communal sites where nature is worshipped and life is celebrated. These groves are typically marked by triangular red and white Sarna flags, adding to the festivity’s vibrant atmosphere. First Day: Preparations On the first day of Sarhul, the village pahan, who observes a strict fast, prepares for the ceremonies. This includes fetching water for the rituals, cleaning homes, and collecting Sal flowers. These preparations are an essential part of honoring the sacredness of the festival. Second Day: Main Rituals The main rituals take place at the Sarna Sthal, where Sal flowers are offered to the deity, and a rooster is sacrificed. Villagers pray for prosperity, safety, and a bountiful harvest. The ceremony includes the sprinkling of holy water across the village, accompanied by traditional dances and songs such as Jadur, Gena, and Por Jadur. Ceremonial fishing and crab-catching by young men also form part of the celebration, symbolizing the gathering of food for the communal feast. Third Day: Community Feast The final day concludes with a grand community feast, where handia (rice beer) and a variety of delicacies are shared. The festival ends with the blessings of the pahan and communal prayers for peace and well-being. Cultural and Geographical Spread The Sarhul festival is celebrated by various Adivasi tribes, including the Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, and Ho, each of which may have its own unique customs and names for the festival. Over time, the festival has evolved from a hunting-based tradition to one that reflects the agricultural practices and lifestyles of the tribes in the Chhotanagpur region. Historically, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when many Adivasis were sent as indentured laborers to different parts of India, including Assam’s tea gardens and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sarhul traveled with them. Today, the festival is celebrated in various locations, including Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. Evolution and Political Significance The evolution of Sarhul has not only been a reflection of changing Adivasi lifestyles but also a platform for asserting Adivasi identity. In the 1960s, Adivasi leader Baba Karthik Oraon started a Sarhul procession from Hatma to the Siram Toli Sarna Sthal in Ranchi. Over the past six decades, such processions have become an integral part of the festival, especially in Ranchi, where they serve as a focal point for Adivasi unity and pride. In recent times, Sarhul has also taken on political significance, particularly in relation to the Adivasi identity and their religious beliefs. Adivasi groups have called for the recognition of the Sarna faith in official records, such as the caste census, to distinguish it from Hinduism. While some Adivasi groups affiliated with the RSS argue that Adivasis are part of Hinduism, the demand for a distinct Sarna religion column in the census reflects a desire for cultural and religious recognition. Conclusion The Sarhul festival, while deeply rooted in nature worship, is also a powerful expression of Adivasi cultural identity. It highlights the connection between people, nature, and the cyclical processes of life. As the festival continues to evolve, it not only celebrates the natural world but also serves as a platform for asserting the distinctiveness of Adivasi communities in the face of political and social challenges. Through its rituals and celebrations, Sarhul remains a vital symbol of community, identity, and resilience.

Indian Air Force to participate in multinational air exercise INIOCHOS-25 in Greece

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 01st April 2025 Home / Indian Air Force to participate in multinational air exercise INIOCHOS-25 in Greece Why in News? The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in the multinational air exercise INIOCHOS-25, hosted by Greece. Introduction The Indian Air Force (IAF) will participate in the multinational air exercise INIOCHOS-25, starting today in Greece. The exercise will run for 12 days, from March 31 to April 11, 2025. Hosted by the Hellenic Air Force at the Andravida Air Base, located in the historic region of Elis, Greece. Significance of INIOCHOS-25 INIOCHOS is a biennial multinational air exercise aimed at: Enhancing skills in air combat. Exchanging tactical knowledge. Strengthening military ties. This exercise provides an opportunity to: Improve international cooperation and synergy. Enhance interoperability among different air forces. Train in planning and executing combined air operations. INIOCHOS-25 will focus on refining tactics and strategies in modern-day air warfare. Details of Indian Air Force Participation The IAF will deploy a contingent of: Su-30 MKI fighter jets (multi-role, advanced avionics). IL-78 (air-to-air refueling tanker). C-17 Globemaster (heavy-lift transport aircraft). The IAF’s participation will demonstrate its operational proficiency and flexibility in multinational scenarios. Objectives and Training Focus The exercise will simulate realistic combat scenarios and integrate: Air and surface assets from 15 countries. Complex air warfare challenges. Key training focus areas include: Enhancing coordination among various national air forces. Planning and executing large-scale air operations. Refining tactics, techniques, and procedures for modern air warfare. Impact of Multinational Military Exercises like INIOCHOS-25 For India Operational Enhancement: Participation in multinational air exercises sharpens the combat preparedness, tactical coordination, and interoperability of the Indian Air Force with leading global air forces. Strategic Signaling: It sends a strong message of India’s commitment to a rules-based international order, and its intent to engage with plural security architectures beyond its immediate neighbourhood. Defence Diplomacy: Such exercises elevate India’s defence diplomacy, enabling it to build strategic trust and confidence with NATO members and other partners. Technology and Best Practices: Provides exposure to advanced platforms, joint command structures, and multinational coordination protocols, which can feed into domestic modernization.   For Regional Security Collective Deterrence: Exercises involving multiple nations project a sense of shared responsibility for regional peace, acting as a deterrent against aggression or unilateral actions in contested regions. Capacity Building: Encourages regional militaries to train jointly, adopt standard operating procedures, and develop rapid response capabilities for crises such as natural disasters or regional conflicts. Stability through Engagement: Enhances confidence-building and reduces misperceptions, thereby contributing to regional stability and conflict prevention.   In the Context of China’s Assertiveness in Asia Strategic Balancing: India’s participation in such exercises serves as a counterbalance to China’s rising assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific and the South China Sea. Non-Aligned Yet Assertive Posture: While maintaining strategic autonomy, India strengthens ties with like-minded democracies to safeguard its interests without formal alliances. Check on Unilateralism: Demonstrates collective resolve against coercive behavior, territorial expansionism, and challenges to freedom of navigation in international waters. Influence in Extended Neighbourhood: Bolsters India’s role in extended strategic theatres, including the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific, indirectly limiting China’s influence.

US clears firm to build and design n-reactors in India

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 01st April 2025 Home / US clears firm to build and design n-reactors in India Why in News? The US Department of Energy’s approval for Holtec International to build and design nuclear reactors in India marks a significant step forward in the India-US nuclear cooperation, enhancing India’s nuclear capacity with small modular reactors (SMRs). Introduction The US Department of Energy (DoE) has approved Holtec International, a US-based company, to build and design nuclear reactors in India. This approval marks the next phase of India-US civil nuclear cooperation, following two decades of negotiations after the 2005 India-US nuclear deal. It is expected to modernize India’s nuclear reactor technology and increase production capacity. Background of the India-US Civil Nuclear Deal Signed in 2005, the deal aimed to provide India with access to civilian nuclear technology. Progress was hindered due to regulatory constraints and non-proliferation concerns, including the restrictions under the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Recent Regulatory Breakthrough On March 26, 2025, the US DoE granted Holtec International authorization under Part 810 of the Atomic Energy Act. This approval allows Holtec to transfer Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology to three Indian firms: Holtec Asia, Tata Consulting Engineers Ltd (TCE), and Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T). Holtec is now permitted to not only export equipment but also participate in reactor design and manufacturing in India. Conditions and Implications of the Authorization Technology Transfer: Only for peaceful nuclear purposes, in line with IAEA safeguards, with a ban on military use. Monitoring and Reporting: Holtec must submit quarterly reports to the US DoE detailing technology transfer to Indian firms. Non-Transferability: Technology cannot be transferred to other entities without prior US government consent. Private Sector Participation: Authorization includes involvement of private Indian companies, a departure from the traditional dominance of state-owned entities like NPCIL. Strategic Significance for India The approval will modernize India’s nuclear fleet by introducing more efficient pressurized water reactors (PWRs) instead of outdated heavy-water reactors. Small modular reactors (SMRs), ranging from 30MWe to 300MWe, offer advantages for deployment in remote areas and can meet the country’s growing energy demands. SMRs can be manufactured and scaled up faster than traditional large reactors. India’s Nuclear Sector Challenges Technological limitations and regulatory frameworks have impeded progress, especially the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010), which limits foreign investment. The inclusion of private companies like L&T and TCE in the supply chain could help resolve issues, making the sector more attractive to international investors. Global Competitive Landscape This collaboration could position India as a competitor to China, which is also pursuing dominance in the SMR market. The India-US partnership could leverage combined strengths in manufacturing and design to challenge China’s global nuclear ambitions. Conclusion The approval for Holtec to transfer SMR technology represents a significant leap forward in India-US nuclear cooperation. This deal will expand India’s nuclear energy capacity, contributing to clean energy transition goals and offering a sustainable solution to rising energy demands. The involvement of private companies and foreign technology could set a precedent for future international nuclear collaborations and further India’s position in the global nuclear market.