India’s water, energy demand spotlight risk of human-induced quakes

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22nd July 2025 Home / India’s water, energy demand spotlight risk of human-induced quakes Why in News? Human-induced earthquakes, triggered by activities like groundwater extraction, dam construction, and fracking, are becoming more frequent and pose seismic risks in tectonically sensitive regions like Delhi-NCR and the Western Ghats. Introduction While earthquakes are typically viewed as natural phenomena arising from tectonic movements, growing scientific evidence points to a subset of seismic events triggered or influenced by human activity. These human-induced earthquakes, although often moderate in magnitude, can carry significant consequences, especially in densely populated and tectonically sensitive regions such as India. Definition and Global Context Human-induced earthquakes are seismic events triggered by anthropogenic activities. According to research published in Seismological Research Letters (2017), more than 700 such earthquakes have been recorded globally over the past 150 years, and their frequency is on the rise. Activities that can cause or modulate such events include: Mining Groundwater extraction Water impoundment behind dams Fluid injection (e.g., fracking or geothermal operations) Construction of tall buildings Engineering of large-scale coastal or inland structures Mechanism: How Human Activities Cause Earthquakes Experts explain that loading and unloading the Earth’s crust—for example, through reservoir construction or groundwater withdrawal—can disturb the stress equilibrium between tectonic plates. Over time, such disturbances accumulate strain, which may lead to the initiation or modulation of seismic activity. Evidence from India 1. Groundwater Extraction and Seismicity A 2021 study published in Scientific Reports linked shallow earthquakes in Delhi-NCR to excessive groundwater extraction between 2003 and 2012, when the water table declined significantly. Post-2014, with groundwater levels stabilizing, seismic activity in the region also decreased. When groundwater is pumped out, the subsurface pressure changes, weakening the structural integrity of rocks and potentially triggering tremors. Delhi lies on several faultlines and is part of Seismic Zone IV, making even low-magnitude earthquakes (4.5–5.5) potentially hazardous. The Gangetic plains also face this risk, where intensive agriculture and low rainfall compel large-scale groundwater extraction, leading to geophysical stress. 2. Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS) Reservoirs behind large dams have been well-documented sources of seismic activity due to the massive water load they impose on the Earth’s crust. Notable Indian examples include: Koyna Earthquake (1967): A 6.3 magnitude quake near the Koyna dam in Maharashtra killed over 180 people and destroyed thousands of houses. It remains India’s most well-known case of RIS. Mullaperiyar Dam (Kerala): Increased tremors in this region have been associated with the dam, which lies in an earthquake-prone zone. 3. Fracking and Energy Extraction Risks Energy extraction processes like hydraulic fracturing (fracking)—injecting fluids into rock layers to release oil or gas—are known to induce earthquakes. India currently operates 56 fracking sites across six states. Fracking alters the subsurface pressure and may trigger faults or stress slips. Geological Constraints: Faultlines and Plate Deformation Not all areas with groundwater extraction or dam construction face seismic risk. Seismicity tends to occur only in regions: Located on or near active faultlines Experiencing plate deformation processes Example: Palghar (Maharashtra) has experienced recurring quakes since 2018. Studies suggest isolated plate deformation, possibly linked to fluid migration due to rainfall. The Way Forward Regulation and Scientific Assessment Mandatory seismic hazard assessments before building dams, mines, or fracking sites Regulations on groundwater extraction, especially in seismically active regions Learning from international standards (e.g., U.S. dam regulations) Monitoring Infrastructure Expand and modernize seismic networks across vulnerable regions Real-time data to monitor isolated deformation and stress accumulation Integrated Resource Management Encourage sustainable groundwater recharge Promote climate-resilient agriculture to reduce water demand Integrate earthquake risk planning into climate adaptation strategies Conclusion Human-induced seismicity is a complex but increasingly relevant phenomenon in the face of growing developmental pressures and climate change. While natural tectonic forces remain the primary drivers of most earthquakes, human activities can accelerate or postpone such events. Effective regulation, scientific planning, and public awareness are essential to mitigate the risks posed by this evolving threat. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

ICMR recommends tests for TB, hepatitis at PHCs

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22nd July 2025 Home / ICMR recommends tests for TB, hepatitis at PHCs Why in News? The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has released the revised National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) 2025 to expand diagnostic access at all levels of public health facilities. Introduction The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has released the updated National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) 2025, expanding the scope of diagnostics available across India’s public healthcare delivery system. This revised list aims to strengthen early disease detection, reduce out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure, and enhance the efficiency of national health programmes. Background: The National List of Essential Diagnostics was first introduced in 2019 by ICMR as a policy tool analogous to the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM). It identifies a minimum set of diagnostic tests that must be available at different levels of public health facilities—ranging from sub-centres to tertiary care institutions. The list serves as a guiding framework for implementing the Free Diagnostics Service Initiative under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It also aligns with other national health frameworks such as: Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Integrated Public Health Laboratory (IPHL) Standards Why Was the List Revised? Expansion in Infrastructure and Technological Capability: Since 2019, public health centres, particularly PHCs and CHCs, have seen the introduction of semi-automated analyzers and cost-effective molecular diagnostic machines. This development enables on-site testing, eliminating the need to send samples to higher centres under the earlier hub-and-spoke model. Evolving Programme Targets: Several national programmes have set ambitious goals, such as: Elimination of Tuberculosis (TB) by 2025 Eradication of Sickle Cell Anaemia by 2047 Control of Viral Hepatitis through the National Viral Hepatitis Control ProgrammeThese goals require widespread availability of diagnostic tests for early and accurate detection. Changes in Disease Patterns and Public Health Needs: The widespread geographical spread of diseases like dengue and the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) have necessitated enhanced diagnostic capabilities at the grassroots level. Administrative Rationalisation: Sub-district hospitals are being upgraded to district hospitals, and district hospitals are being transformed into medical colleges. Hence, the diagnostic requirements for these facilities have been merged in the 2025 list to reflect this transition. Implications for Public Health: Early Detection and Prevention:Rapid and accessible diagnostic testing allows early identification of both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. This is critical in controlling the spread of communicable diseases like TB and viral hepatitis, and in managing genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia. Support to National Health Missions:The availability of essential diagnostics at the sub-centre and PHC levels strengthens national programmes aimed at eliminating or controlling high-burden diseases. Reduction in Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): Diagnostics included in the NLED are covered under the Free Diagnostics Service Initiative, ensuring that patients do not need to pay for these tests in public health facilities. Strengthening of Decentralised Healthcare Delivery: The list empowers health workers at the grassroots level to conduct or initiate essential diagnostics, thereby improving healthcare access in rural and underserved areas. Improved Data for Disease Surveillance: Greater availability of testing contributes to better disease tracking, planning, and resource allocation. Implementation Considerations: Training and Capacity Building: Health workers, lab technicians, and auxiliary staff will require continuous training to use new equipment and interpret test results. Infrastructure and Logistics: Efficient implementation demands adequate power supply, internet connectivity, cold chain maintenance for sample transport, and timely supply of reagents and kits. Monitoring and Quality Control: The government must incorporate diagnostic indicators into national health monitoring systems like the Health Management Information System (HMIS). Public Awareness Campaigns: Beneficiaries must be informed about the availability of free diagnostics in government facilities to ensure utilisation. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

Ancestral property rights for Adivasi women

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22nd July 2025 Home / Ancestral property rights for Adivasi women Why in News? The Hon’ble Supreme Court, in July 2025, ruled that tribal women have equal inheritance rights, holding that customary laws cannot override constitutional guarantees of equality under Article 14. Introduction The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment upholding the right of a tribal woman to inherit ancestral property, affirming the constitutional guarantee of equality. The Court overturned a 2022 ruling by the Hon’ble Chhattisgarh High Court, which had denied inheritance rights to the appellant based on the absence of a codified customary law supporting her claim. The Apex Court’s intervention marks a crucial moment in advancing gender justice within tribal communities. Background of the Case The case dates back to 1992, when Dhaiya, a tribal woman from Chhattisgarh, sought partition of property belonging to her maternal grandmother. Her claim was repeatedly denied—initially based on customary tribal laws and later by lower courts. In its judgment, the Hon’ble Supreme Court emphasised that customary laws—while reflective of tribal autonomy—must not be static or discriminatory, especially when they infringe on fundamental rights. Key Highlights of the Judgment Emphasis on Article 14 (Equality Before Law): The Court held that customs and traditions cannot override constitutional rights, particularly the right to equality. The exclusion of tribal women from inheritance was found to be arbitrary and discriminatory, violating the “collective ethos” of the Constitution. Progressive Interpretation of Customary Law: The bench observed that “customs too, like the law, cannot remain stuck in time”. The judgment highlighted that customs should evolve in light of constitutional values, especially gender justice. Invalidation of High Court’s Reasoning: The Hon’ble Chhattisgarh High Court had earlier ruled that, in the absence of specific customary law allowing inheritance, the woman could not claim a share. The Hon’ble SC ruled this as regressive, asserting that absence of law should not be a reason to deny rights. Precedents and Legislative Gaps December 2022 Judgment (Odisha Case): The Hon’ble SC had previously ruled in favour of a tribal woman seeking compensation for land acquisition. The Court had noted that “female tribal is entitled to parity with male tribal in intestate succession”. Hindu Succession Act, 1956: The HSA does not apply to members of Scheduled Tribes unless specifically extended through legislation. Indian Succession Act, 1925: Section 3 of the Act permits the State to exempt Scheduled Tribes, further contributing to legal exclusion. Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949: Section 20 allows tribal women to inherit if they marry a ghar-jamai (resident son-in-law), but only during the father’s lifetime, limiting women’s independent rights. Significance of the Ruling Advancement of Gender Justice: The ruling recognises the constitutional right of tribal women to equality and dignity, aligning personal and customary laws with constitutional mandates. Challenge to Patriarchal Norms within Tribal Custom: It directly questions and invalidates gender bias inherent in many customary inheritance laws. Constitutional Morality over Cultural Relativism: Reaffirms the position that constitutional values must prevail over regressive customs. Potential Legislative Impetus: The Court’s suggestion in the 2022 case for the Centre to consider amending the Hindu Succession Act might gain momentum following this verdict. Concerns and Counterpoints Autonomy of Tribal Communities: Some tribal rights activists argue that enforcing uniform succession laws may undermine tribal identity, autonomy, and cultural distinctiveness. Tension Between Constitutional Values and Customary Rights: The verdict raises important questions about how to balance tribal customary law with constitutional mandates, especially when the Constitution itself (Article 13 and 371) recognizes tribal autonomy in certain respects. Implementation Challenges: In remote tribal regions, enforcement of legal rights and awareness among women remains limited. There may be resistance from patriarchal institutions within tribal societies. Way Forward Codification of Customary Laws: States must initiate a consultative process to document and codify customary laws in a manner that respects tribal culture while aligning with constitutional principles. Legislative Amendments: Parliament may consider extending inheritance rights to tribal women through a suitable amendment, as recommended by the SC. Awareness and Legal Aid: Legal literacy campaigns must be conducted in tribal areas to empower women with knowledge of their rights. Community Engagement: Judicial and legislative reforms must be preceded by dialogue with tribal leaders and women’s groups to ensure cultural sensitivity and wider acceptance. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

Impeachment Motion Submitted Against Justice Yashwant Varma

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22nd July 2025 Home / Impeachment Motion Submitted Against Justice Yashwant Varma Why in News? 145 MPs from both Houses submit impeachment motion against Justice Yashwant Varma under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. Introduction 145 Members of the Lok Sabha and 63 Members of the Rajya Sabha, cutting across party lines, submitted a motion seeking the removal of Justice Yashwant Varma, a sitting judge of the Allahabad High Court and former judge of the Delhi High Court. The action follows serious allegations of misconduct involving the discovery of large sums of currency notes at his official residence after a fire incident on March 14, 2025. The motion invokes provisions of the Constitution of India and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, marking a rare instance of Parliament initiating judicial accountability proceedings against a sitting High Court judge. Background for the impeachment motion: Justice Yashwant Varma came under scrutiny after wads of currency notes were reportedly found at his official residence when a fire broke out on March 14. A Supreme Court-appointed panel examined the incident and found credence in the allegations. Constitutional and Statutory Provisions: Articles of the Constitution: Article 124(4): Pertains to the removal of judges of the Supreme Court, but is also applicable by procedure to High Court judges under Article 217. Article 217(1)(b): Specifies that a High Court judge can only be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, following a procedure similar to Article 124(4). Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: Section 3(1)(b): A motion for removal must be signed by at least 100 members of the Lok Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha. The Presiding Officer (Speaker or Chairman) has the discretion to admit or reject the motion. If admitted, a three-member inquiry committee is formed comprising: One judge of the Supreme Court One Chief Justice of a High Court One eminent jurist The committee investigates the charges and submits a report to the respective House(s). If both Houses pass the motion by a special majority (majority of total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting), the judge can be removed by the President of India. Important Procedural Provision: As per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, if motions for removal are submitted in both Houses on the same day, no inquiry committee shall be formed unless both Houses admit the motion. In the current case, this condition is met since both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha received the motion on July 21, 2025. Current Developments: Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar confirmed receipt of the motion, noting that it satisfies the numerical threshold under Article 217(1)(b) and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal confirmed that more than 100 Lok Sabha members had also signed the motion. Dhankhar cited the relevant provisions and stated that the Secretary General of Rajya Sabha will take the next procedural steps under the law. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

Vice-President’s Mid-Term Resignation

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 22nd July 2025 Home / Vice-President’s Mid-Term Resignation Why in News? Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s resignation mid-term has created a rare vacancy in India’s second-highest constitutional office. Introduction Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s resignation before the completion of his five-year term in July 2025 has created a rare mid-term vacancy in India’s second-highest constitutional office. He is only the third Vice-President in India’s history to resign mid-term, after V. Giri (1969) and R. Venkataraman (1984) — both of whom resigned to contest presidential elections. This situation brings into focus the constitutional provisions, electoral process, and interim arrangements following such a vacancy. Constitutional Position and Duties The Vice-President of India holds office for a term of five years [Article 67]. He is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha [Article 64]. The Constitution does not provide for an acting Vice-President. Abstentions as a Tool for Middle Powers Abstention is not necessarily a sign of indecisiveness. Rather, it is increasingly seen as a deliberate strategy by emerging powers like India to avoid entanglement in great-power rivalries. It also provides flexibility in multilateral negotiations and preserves future diplomatic space. Examples of Recent Abstentions Ukraine conflict – India abstained from U.N. resolutions condemning Russia, citing the need for dialogue and de-escalation. Israel-Palestine – India abstained from resolutions seen as one-sided, advocating “building bridges” instead. Timeline for Election Unlike the office of the President, for which the Constitution mandates that the vacancy be filled within six months [Article 62(1)], no such deadline exists for filling a Vice-Presidential vacancy. The only constitutional requirement is that the election be held “as soon as possible”. The Election Commission of India (ECI) is responsible for conducting the election, under the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952. Tenure of the New Vice-President The newly elected Vice-President will hold office for a full five-year term from the date of assumption of office, and not just the remainder of the previous term. Electoral Process for Vice-President The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament — Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, including nominated members. State legislatures do not participate in this election. Voting is held by secret ballot using the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote (STV). Eligibility Criteria for Vice-Presidential Candidates A candidate must: Be a citizen of India Be at least 35 years of age Be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha Be a registered elector in any parliamentary constituency Not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or any state government, except that of: President Vice-President Governor Minister at Union or State level Tenure and Vacancy Tenure: 5 years, but eligible for re-election. In case of resignation, Article 67(b) applies — the resignation is addressed to the President. Unlike the President, there is no constitutional time limit to fill the Vice-President’s post; the election must be held “as soon as possible”. Who Performs the Duties in the Interim? While the Vice-President’s office is vacant, no acting Vice-President is appointed. However, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (currently Harivansh Narayan Singh) performs the function of presiding over the Rajya Sabha in his absence. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

India’s Increasing Abstentions at the United Nations

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21st July 2025 Home / India’s Increasing Abstentions at the United Nations Why in News? India’s share of abstentions in U.N. votes reached a record high of 44% in 2025. Introduction India’s voting behavior at the United Nations (U.N.) has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. According to an analysis of over 5,500 resolutions voted on by India since 1946, the annual share of ‘yes’ votes has dropped to 56%—the lowest since 1955—while abstentions have reached an all-time high of 44%. This shift, especially noticeable since 2019, is indicative of India’s evolving foreign policy approach in a rapidly polarising global environment. Reasons Behind the Shift 1. Increasing Global Polarisation According to T.S. Tirumurti, former Permanent Representative of India to the U.N., the world is witnessing greater polarisation between major powers. This reduces the incentive for compromise and consensus-building, making U.N. resolutions more contentious. 2. Complexity of Resolutions As per Syed Akbaruddin, another former Indian envoy to the U.N., modern resolutions are “like Christmas trees” — cluttered with multiple, often conflicting, provisions. This makes it difficult to offer a binary ‘yes’ or ‘no’ vote, leading India to adopt abstention as a pragmatic option. 3. Strategic Autonomy and Diplomacy Abstentions serve as a diplomatic tool allowing India to express nuanced positions without aligning too closely with any geopolitical bloc. They enable India to maintain strategic autonomy, especially on sensitive issues like Ukraine, Israel-Palestine, and international sanctions. Abstentions as a Tool for Middle Powers Abstention is not necessarily a sign of indecisiveness. Rather, it is increasingly seen as a deliberate strategy by emerging powers like India to avoid entanglement in great-power rivalries. It also provides flexibility in multilateral negotiations and preserves future diplomatic space. Examples of Recent Abstentions Ukraine conflict – India abstained from U.N. resolutions condemning Russia, citing the need for dialogue and de-escalation. Israel-Palestine – India abstained from resolutions seen as one-sided, advocating “building bridges” instead. Implications for India’s Global Image While critics may view frequent abstentions as diplomatic fence-sitting, they reflect India’s effort to balance principle with pragmatism. This strategy reinforces India’s image as a responsible middle power navigating a fractured international order. Conclusion India’s growing reliance on abstentions at the U.N. underscores its attempt to recalibrate foreign policy in a complex and multipolar world. As global tensions deepen, abstentions are becoming a useful diplomatic instrument for expressing independent positions without compromising national interests. Understanding this shift is crucial to appreciating India’s evolving role in global governance. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

New dragonfly species Lyriothemis abrahami discovered in Kerala

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21st July 2025 Home / New dragonfly species Lyriothemis abrahami discovered in Kerala Why in News? A new dragonfly species Lyriothemis abrahami, exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism and breeding in tree-hole water pools, was discovered in Kerala’s Western Ghats. Introduction A new species of dragonfly, Lyriothemis abrahami, has been officially identified and described from the Western Ghats in Kerala. The discovery is significant for India’s biodiversity research and dragonfly taxonomy. The species had been misidentified for years due to its superficial resemblance to Lyriothemis flava. The discovery highlights the ecological importance of forest microhabitats and the need for sustained biodiversity monitoring in the Western Ghats. Taxonomic Recognition and Naming The species has been named Lyriothemis abrahami in honour of Abraham Samuel, a pioneer in odonatology (the study of dragonflies and damselflies). The description was peer-reviewed in the scientific journal Entomon through five rigorous rounds of scientific scrutiny, cementing its status as a new species. Morphological Features and Dimorphism Lyriothemis abrahami exhibits strong sexual dimorphism: Males have uniquely shaped hamules (copulatory organs). Females display jet black bodies with distinct yellow triangular spots. This dimorphism played a key role in confirming it as a separate species. Habitat and Distribution The species breeds in small water pools in tree holes, a type of microhabitat found in forest ecosystems. Its distribution spans across: Lowland rainforests to Mid-elevation evergreen and deciduous forests ranging between 50 m to 1,100 m above sea level. Sightings and collections were reported from: Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary (Kannur), Ponmudi (Thiruvananthapuram), Kallar, Neyyar, and Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary. Ecological and Conservation Significance The finding raises Kerala’s total odonate species count to 191, with 78 of them being endemic. The discovery reinforces the biodiversity richness of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. The species is considered an indicator of forest health. Its dependency on tree-hole water pools underscores the importance of conserving microhabitats within forests. The study highlights the ecological value of preserving such natural breeding niches that are often overlooked in conventional conservation efforts. Future Research Directions The research team plans to: Study the larval biology of L. abrahami, Investigate its ecological role in forest ecosystems, Explore its evolutionary relationships within the Lyriothemis genus. Such studies can aid in developing targeted conservation strategies and better understanding the biogeography of dragonflies in the Indian subcontinent. Conclusion The discovery of Lyriothemis abrahami is not just a taxonomic milestone but also a reminder of the undiscovered diversity within India’s forest ecosystems. It underlines the urgent need to protect natural habitats, especially in biodiversity hotspots like the Western Ghats, and to support long-term ecological research for conservation planning. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

Visual ‘Sugar and Oil Boards’ to Promote Healthy Eating

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21st July 2025 Home / Visual ‘Sugar and Oil Boards’ to Promote Healthy Eating Why in News? The Union Health Ministry has introduced ‘Sugar and Oil Boards’ in schools, offices, and public institutions to raise awareness about unhealthy dietary components in common foods. Introduction In July 2025, the Union Health Ministry issued a directive to all ministries, departments, and autonomous bodies under the central government to display visual information boards—referred to as “Sugar and Oil Boards”—highlighting the levels of hidden fats, sugar, and salt in commonly consumed Indian snacks such as samosas, vada pavs, kachoris, pizzas, and burgers. The aim is to provide behavioural nudges that influence people’s eating habits in everyday settings like schools, government offices, cafeterias, and lobbies. This effort is part of a broader, awareness-oriented campaign to encourage moderation in food consumption rather than enforcing restriction. Key Components of the Initiative Visual Display Boards: These boards will be placed in canteens, waiting areas, and meeting rooms. They will present the fat, sugar, and salt content of popular food items to nudge individuals toward healthier food choices. Inclusion on Stationery: All official government stationery, including letterheads, notepads, envelopes, and folders, must carry brief health messages about dietary risks to reinforce awareness continuously. School Engagement: The CBSE has already directed over 24,000 affiliated schools to establish ‘sugar boards’ for student awareness about the impact of excess sugar intake. Policy Integration: This initiative will be part of the Union government’s existing health campaigns, including the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD). Rationale Behind the Initiative India is witnessing a sharp rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which now account for more than 66% of all deaths in the country. These diseases include: Cardiovascular conditions Type 2 diabetes Cancers Chronic respiratory diseases The rise is particularly evident among adults above the age of 30. According to the Health Ministry, one of the significant contributors to this trend is poor dietary choices, especially the frequent consumption of processed and high-fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) foods. Understanding HFSS Foods The Indian Council of Medical Research – National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-NIN) has provided a definition for HFSS (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt) foods in its Dietary Guidelines for Indians (2024). These are: Foods in which more than 10% of total energy comes from sugar More than 15% of total energy comes from added fat/oil Salt content exceeds 625 mg per 100 grams of solid food HFSS foods are usually low in essential nutrients and contribute directly to the development of obesity, hypertension, and metabolic disorders. Calculation of Nutritional Values Nutrient profiling is performed in two main ways: Laboratory analysis of food samples, calculated per 100 grams Ingredient-based calculation using the Indian Food Composition Tables (IFCT) by ICMR-NIN, when lab data is unavailable This provides an accessible format for food evaluation based on key nutrient thresholds. Recommended Daily Intake Levels for Adults Total fat: Less than 65 grams Added sugar: Less than 25 grams Salt: Less than 5 grams Children’s intake levels vary based on developmental stages. However, studies show that many Indians consume well beyond these limits, especially in terms of salt and added sugar. Implications for Public Health and Governance This initiative complements several other government schemes: Eat Right India campaign by FSSAI Poshan Abhiyaan for nutritional improvement Fit India Movement for physical activity School health programmes under the Ayushman Bharat mission NP-NCD under the National Health Mission (NHM), which focuses on infrastructure, early diagnosis, awareness, and referral services for NCDs Conclusion The “Sugar and Oil Boards” initiative marks a significant step in India’s public health policy by targeting behavioural change through informed choices rather than punitive measures. As part of a broader non-communicable disease control framework, this initiative strengthens the government’s preventive health strategy and supports a long-term vision of improving dietary awareness and reducing the burden of lifestyle-related diseases. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

India’s FDI Challenge Amidst Global Realignment

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21st July 2025 Home / India’s FDI Challenge Amidst Global Realignment Why in News? India’s net FDI in FY25 declined sharply due to global structural headwinds and domestic challenges like capital repatriation and weak reinvestment, despite robust gross inflows. Introduction India’s foreign direct investment (FDI) trends in recent years reflect a broader global pattern of declining capital flows to emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). While India continues to offer robust macroeconomic fundamentals, a widening gap between gross and net FDI inflows signals deeper structural and policy-related issues. Global FDI Decline: A Persistent and Structural Shift The world economy is undergoing a significant transformation in cross-border investment flows. According to the World Bank: FDI inflows to EMDEs have steadily declined as a share of GDP—from a peak of around 5% in 2008 to just 2% in recent years. In absolute terms, EMDEs received only $435 billion in 2023, the lowest since 2005. This trend is not a temporary disruption but a result of structural and geopolitical challenges: Increased protectionism and the rise of barriers to both trade and capital movement. Growing geopolitical tensions, which increase risk and discourage long-term investment. A noticeable decline in the signing of investment treaties: only 380 treaties came into force between 2010 and 2024, compared to 870 between 2000 and 2009. A global slowdown in the negotiation and implementation of trade and investment agreements. India’s FDI Performance: Strong Gross Inflows but Weak Net Gains India’s FDI experience is shaped by the same global headwinds, but it also features country-specific challenges: Gross FDI Inflows in FY25 reached $81 billion, marking a 14% increase over the previous year, indicating continued interest from foreign investors. However, net FDI—which accounts for outflows, repatriations, and reinvestments—plunged by 96%, falling to only $0.35 billion, the lowest level in nearly two decades. Key reasons for this sharp decline in net FDI include: Increased repatriation of profits by foreign companies. A significant rise in outward FDI by Indian firms. Limited reinvestment of profits by existing foreign investors operating in India. Structural Challenges in India’s FDI Framework Area of Concern Issues Identified Policy Stability Frequent changes in tax regulations, retrospective taxation concerns, and regulatory unpredictability have impacted investor confidence. Ease of Doing Business Despite improvements in global rankings, practical issues such as delays in land acquisition, contract enforcement, and bureaucratic red tape persist. Bilateral Investment Treaties India unilaterally terminated many BITs post-2016, reducing the legal protection available to foreign investors. Sectoral Imbalance FDI is concentrated in services, with manufacturing receiving comparatively lower inflows despite the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes. Trade Agreements India has not concluded significant Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with major markets like the US or the European Union, limiting investor access to global markets. India’s Strengths: Why Investors Still Look to India Despite the recent trends, India retains multiple long-term advantages that make it an attractive investment destination: Demographic Dividend: A large and youthful population with rising consumption potential. Digital Infrastructure: Deep digital penetration, rapid growth in fintech, and initiatives like Aadhaar and UPI have created a robust digital backbone. Stable Democratic Institutions: A functioning democracy and consistent policy reforms provide a level of predictability. Strategic Geopolitical Position: India is increasingly viewed as a reliable alternative to China in global supply chains and is strategically aligned with key global players. Policy Recommendations to Enhance India’s FDI Attractiveness To reverse the trend of declining net FDI and build investor confidence, India must adopt a multi-pronged approach: Strengthen Policy Predictability and Transparency: Taxation norms, especially those affecting foreign investors, must be transparent and predictable. Dispute resolution mechanisms should be swift and impartial. Rebuild Investment Protection Frameworks: India should re-negotiate Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with investor-friendly terms, offering fair and effective dispute resolution processes. Promote Greenfield Investments in High-Priority Sectors: Sectors like semiconductors, clean energy, electronics manufacturing, and electric vehicles should be targeted with tailored incentives and infrastructure support. Encourage Reinvestment of Profits: Policies that incentivize foreign companies to reinvest earnings within India could help retain capital and boost net FDI figures. Accelerate Trade Agreement Negotiations: India should actively pursue FTAs, especially with high-income markets such as the US, UK, and the European Union, to provide market access and signal openness to global trade. Improve On-ground Business Environment: Streamlining procedures at state and local levels, strengthening contract enforcement, and ensuring time-bound clearances can improve the real investment climate. Conclusion India stands at a critical juncture in its investment trajectory. While macroeconomic fundamentals remain strong, sustained FDI inflows will require more than just favourable demographics and digital depth. Investors today are driven by confidence, clarity, and consistency. India’s ability to provide a stable, transparent, and investor-friendly environment will determine whether it can attract and retain global capital in an increasingly competitive and uncertain world. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications

Biostimulants Under Government Scrutiny

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 21st July 2025 Home / Biostimulants Under Government Scrutiny Why in News? The Union Agriculture Ministry has cracked down on the unregulated sale and forced bundling of biostimulants with fertilisers. Introduction In July 2025, Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan wrote to Chief Ministers of all Indian states directing them to halt the “forced tagging” of biostimulants or nano-fertilisers with conventional subsidised fertilisers. This move follows widespread complaints from farmers and highlights the growing policy focus on regulating biostimulants in India’s agricultural input landscape. What are Biostimulants? Biostimulants are substances or microorganisms that stimulate natural processes in plants to: Improve nutrient uptake Enhance growth and yield Increase tolerance to abiotic stress (e.g., drought, heat) Improve crop quality Sources: Often derived from plant waste, seaweed extracts, or microbial cultures. Legal Definition (FCO, 1985): “A substance or microorganism or combination of both whose primary function is to stimulate physiological processes in plants… but does not include pesticides or plant growth regulators covered under the Insecticide Act, 1968.” Why are Biostimulants in the News? Forced Bundling Complaints: Farmers were reportedly denied subsidised fertilisers like urea and DAP unless they also bought biostimulants. Effectiveness Concerns: Some farmers raised concerns over the limited benefits of biostimulants. Minister’s Statement: The Centre warned that if benefits to farmers are not visible, permission to sell biostimulants cannot be given. Regulatory Background Initially, biostimulants were neither regulated as fertilisers nor as pesticides, allowing thousands of unverified products to flood the market. Key developments in their regulation: 1. 2011 – High Court Observation Punjab & Haryana HC directed that any bio-product claiming to act like fertilisers/insecticides must be assessed by state authorities. 2. 2017 – NITI Aayog’s Involvement NITI Aayog and the Agriculture Ministry began formulating a national framework for biostimulants. 3. 2021 – FCO Amendment The Fertiliser Control Order (1985) was amended to: Include biostimulants under Schedule VI Enable the Central Biostimulant Committee (CBC) to frame standards Require registration, toxicity data, and efficacy trials FCO Norms for Biostimulants Eight Approved Categories: Botanical extracts (e.g., seaweed) Bio-chemicals Vitamins Amino acids Anti-oxidants Substances of microbial origin Substances of animal origin Any combination of above Requirements for Manufacturers: Submit chemistry, source, shelf-life, toxicity data Conduct five acute toxicity tests (oral, dermal, inhalation, skin, eye) Conduct four eco-toxicity tests (on birds, fish, bees, earthworms) Ensure pesticide residue ≤ 0.01 ppm Conduct bio-efficacy trials through ICAR or SAUs at three agro-ecological zones Recent Developments (2024–25) Market Size: Valued at USD 355.53 million in 2024 Projected to reach USD 1.13 billion by 2032 (CAGR: 15.64%) — Fortune Business Insights Crackdown on Unregulated Products: Over 30,000 biostimulants had been sold unregulated. Post-2021 crackdown, only ~650 remain in circulation. Expiry of Provisional Registrations (June 2025): Manufacturers who failed to regularise under full registration can no longer sell their products post-June 16, 2025. Specifications for Key Crops Notified (May 2025): Tomato, chilli, cucumber, paddy, brinjal, cotton, potato, green gram, grape, hot pepper, soybean, maize, onion. Significance of the Regulation Dimension Impact Farmer Protection Prevents exploitative sales and ensures product efficacy Input Market Reform Brings transparency and traceability to biostimulant sales Scientific Agriculture Ensures inputs are backed by trial data and toxicity reports Environmental Safety Limits harmful residues and assesses impact on pollinators and soil fauna Ease of Doing Business Provides legal clarity for manufacturers willing to comply Conclusion The Centre’s increased scrutiny over biostimulants is a pivotal step in transitioning Indian agriculture towards science-based, sustainable, and farmer-centric input use. With the market projected to expand rapidly, striking the right balance between innovation and regulation will be critical. Economic Implications For Indian Exporters These reforms reduce transaction costs and compliance hurdles Encourage a more competitive and efficient export environment Promote value addition in key sectors like leather For Tamil Nadu The reforms particularly benefit the state’s leather industry, a major contributor to employment and exports Boost the marketability of GI-tagged E.I. leather, enhancing rural and traditional industries For Trade Policy These decisions indicate a shift from regulatory controls to policy facilitation Reinforce the goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to become a leading export power Recently, BVR Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI Aayog, claimed that India has overtaken Japan to become the fourth-largest economy in the world, citing data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  India’s rank as the world’s largest economy varies by measure—nominal GDP or purchasing power parity (PPP)—each with key implications for economic analysis. Significance and Applications